Resources to accompany Computational Thinking

"The role of programming in computer science is like that of practical work in the other subjects—
it provides motivation, and a context within which ideas are brought to life. Students learn
programming by solving problems through computational thinking processes and through practical
applications such as applied learning tasks." LCCS specification (2017)

There are 3 sections. The main section is Programming Concepts - 9 programming concepts learned through Python. The other 2 sections (Block based CT and Unplugged CT) are standalone resources but they are also incorporated into the main programming concepts section at the appropriate level of learning. Each of the 9 concepts is explored in a variety of contexts.

Concepts learned using text-based programming (Python initially, then Javascript more fully at a later time in the course) are also learned with block-based programming (e.g. Scratch, microbit code). Targeted tasks, pair programming and CT challenges all provide further context. Finally solving problems using a microprocessor, and learning the concept through the use of the microprocessor, reinforce the learning and provide real purpose to the material. Research in this area is not plentiful or definitive but Franklin et al (2016), Rubin (2016), Werner et al (2013) and Waite (2017), in addition to the widespread adoption of blended learning at both second and third level, suggest these forms of multi-contextualised blended pedagogies can be effective and engaging. The nature and effectiveness of the tasks are informed by a simple principle : what are students expected to do with information and knowledge in order to deepen their understanding.  Research and resources in this area range from An exploration of internal factors influencing student learning of programming by Carbone et al (2009) to educational books such as Computer Science in Education by Sentance et al and The Power Of Computational Thinking by Curzon and Owens.

The types of resources provided are listed below 

• Lessons and Tasks for learning Python, editable with Microsoft PP, Google Slides or similar.
• Lesson Plans embedded in slides, including Learning Outcomes addressed.
• Developing programming concepts through Turtle Graphics. (Turtle tasks and lessons in concepts 2, 5 and 7)
• 5-15 minute video lessons accompanying each concept, to consolidate and extend the task-based learning.
• CT Challenge(s) on a html platform, appropriate to prior learning and development, and editable for eportfolio use.
• Video Lesson on use of microprocessor (microbit), related as closely as possible to the concepts.
• eTasks and challenges in editable pdf format, including key LOs addressed and reflections on learning.
• Parallel block-based and text-based programming, where a task from a Python lesson, is executed in Scratch.
• How to assess and document the level of Computational Thinking within the Scratch programs. Also a html resource, editable for storing student work and for eportfolio use.

Learning Outcomes addressed

The LOs addressed, or the section of the specification in which the LOs are stated, are specified within most resources. The Programming Concepts resources primarily address most of the LOs in the following sections of the specification :
- Computational Thinking and Designing and Developing
(Strand 1)
- Abstraction, Algorithms, Data and Evaluation
(Strand 2)
- ALT4 and some of the LOs in the other ALTs.
(Strand 3)

The resources are merely indicative of what can be done in this practical section. The Applied Learning Task is set within the brief provided in the specification and the resources will present an introductory task that will simulate the larger project and provide them with the components that they need to complete the larger brief. The resources address some of the LOs within particular ALTs or help students develop the skills to achieve the LOs of strand 3. Further LCCS ideas can be found at www.compsci.ie. 
In developing ideas within strand 3, students will also address LOs from across all 3 strands.

Resources and Strategies for the Classroom

Many learning outcomes across all 3 strands can be achieved through a blended pedagogy of group activities with guided exploration and creative problem solving.
Suggestions on how to use this resource
This resource aims to primarily support the learning outcomes around Computers and society, and the evolution of computers in society, in strand 1, and also the core concept of Computer systems in strand 2.
The resources and strategies provided are intended mainly for the teacher to use in the classroom. They can be used in the context of an Applied learning task (ALT) or simply as classroom strategies to engage students in wider ethical and cultural questions. They are not prescriptive and the concepts do not have to be taught in the order they are presented. Teachers will discover many other ways of helping their students achieve the learning outcomes. Much of the learning around computers and society and the direction of technological development can be facilitated by teachers with classroom techniques, such as Power of Persuasion, Think-
Pair-Share-Snowball and Stimulate a Debate, which are described within this resource. There are also design and development activities, plus ideas for other suitable activities. The resource itself, with guidance and differentiation from the teacher, can be used as a learning platform by students.
Material that is suitable for Higher Level only is indicated by an orange bar to the side.
The evolution of computers in society is outlined below. Each development in the evolution is used as a platform to study subsequent related developments. In this sense the learning outcomes can be achieved in an iterative and non-linear fashion.